Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra.
Involuntary shaking or trembling, often starting in one hand and spreading to other limbs or body parts.
Slowness of movement, difficulty initiating movement, and decreased ability to perform repetitive movements quickly.
Stiffness or inflexibility in muscles, which can cause discomfort, pain, or limited range of motion.
Impaired balance and coordination, leading to difficulty maintaining an upright posture and increased risk of falls.
Problems with memory, concentration, and executive function, which may progress to dementia in later stages of the disease.
Mood disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, or apathy.
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, restless legs syndrome, vivid dreams, and nighttime movements.
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as constipation, urinary problems, excessive sweating, and orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing).
Changes in speech patterns, including soft or slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
1. Reduced ability to detect or identify odors, often occurring years before the onset of motor symptoms.