Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures, which are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.
Inherited genetic mutations can predispose individuals to epilepsy, with certain gene mutations increasing the likelihood of seizure disorders.
Head injuries resulting from accidents, falls, or trauma can lead to epilepsy by causing damage to the brain tissue and disrupting normal electrical activity.
Structural abnormalities in the brain, such as tumors, strokes, brain infections (like meningitis or encephalitis), or developmental disorders (such as cerebral palsy), can trigger seizures.
Events occurring during fetal development, such as exposure to toxins, infections, or complications during pregnancy and childbirth, can increase the risk of epilepsy in later life.
Other neurological conditions, like Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, or neurodegenerative disorders, may contribute to epilepsy by affecting brain function and electrical activity.
Certain infections affecting the brain, such as cysticercosis or toxoplasmosis, can lead to epilepsy by causing inflammation and damage to brain tissue.
Imbalances in electrolytes, blood sugar levels, or other metabolic disturbances can trigger seizures and contribute to the development of epilepsy.
Rarely, autoimmune disorders affecting the brain's functioning, such as autoimmune encephalitis, can lead to epilepsy by causing inflammation and damage to brain tissue.
Conditions like autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disabilities may be associated with an increased risk of epilepsy due to abnormal brain development.
In many cases, the exact cause of epilepsy remains unknown, despite thorough medical evaluation.